Fig 1.1
Crop: Pepper
Scientific name :
Common / Local Name :
1. Phytophthora foot rot/ quick wilt (Phytophthora capsici)
Pepper- wilt
Symptoms
- Appearance of one or more black spots on tender leaves which have fimbriate margins which rapidly enlarge and cause defoliation.
- Blackening of freshly emerging runner shoots and tender leaves trailing on the soil. The disease spread to the entire vine from these runner shoots during rainy season due to rain splash
- If the infection is at the basal stem region/ collar region, wilting of vines followed by shedding of leaves and spikes with or without black spots is observed. The branches of affected vines break off at the nodes and the entire vine collapses within a month.
- If the damage is confined to the roots, the affected vine exhibits gradual yellowing, defoliation, wilting and drying up of a part of the vine during the post-monsoon period. These vines might recover after the rains and survive for more than two seasons till the root infection leads to collar rot and death of the vine.
Management
Phytosanitation
- Remove and destroy severely diseased vines along with the root system from the plantation.
- Collect planting material from disease free gardens and from the nursery preferably raised in fumigated soil
- Raise nursery cuttings in solarized / steam sterilized soil fortified with bio-control agents.
Cultural practices
- Provide adequate drainage to prevent water logging especially during the monsoon season.
- Regulate shade in the plantation by pruning with the receipt of pre-monsoon showers.
- Prune emerging runner shoots to prevent the infection spreading to the main stem of the vine.
Chemical control
- Drench plant basins with copper oxychloride 0.2% @ 5-10 lit/vine and spray Bordeaux mixture 1% on the new foliage with the onset of pre-monsoon showers during May-June. The spraying and drenching is to be repeated during August-September and if the monsoon is prolonged, a third round of drenching may be given during October.
- Alternatively, after receipt of pre-monsoon showers during May-June drench the vines with potassium phosphonate 0.3% @ 5-10 lit/vine along with spray of potassium phosphonate 0.3% or drench and spray with metalaxyl-mancozeb 0.125%. Repeat the spraying and drenching during August-September.
Calendar of chemical spray/ drenching
Option I
Application |
Period |
Drenching |
Spraying |
First |
May- June (Onset of monsoon) |
copper oxychloride 0.2% @ 5-10 lit/vine |
Bordeaux mixture 1% |
Second |
August- September |
copper oxychloride 0.2% @ 5-10 lit/vine |
Bordeaux mixture 1% |
Third |
October (In case of prolonged monsoon) |
copper oxychloride 0.2% @ 5-10 lit/vine |
Bordeaux mixture 1% |
Option II
Application |
Period |
Drenching |
Spraying |
First |
May- June (Onset of monsoon) |
potassium phosphonate 0.3% @ 5-10 lit/vine |
potassium phosphonate 0.3% |
Second |
August- September |
potassium phosphonate 0.3% @ 5-10 lit/vine |
potassium phosphonate 0.3% |
Third |
October (In case of prolonged monsoon) |
potassium phosphonate 0.3% @ 5-10 lit/vine |
potassium phosphonate 0.3% |
Biological control
- Apply bio-control agents such as Trichoderma harzianum after receipt of pre-monsoon showers during May-June around the base of the vine @ 50 g/vine (containing108 CFU/g of formulation). Repeat the application during August-September. Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 50 g/vine (108 cfu /g of formulation) may also be applied along with T. harzianum. Add organic mulches, farmyard manure and oil cakes in the basins to improve the texture of the soil and enhance the growth of bio-control agents. Spray of potassium phosphonate 0.3% or Bordeaux mixture 1% may be given. In case bio-control agents are applied, drenching with copper oxychloride is to be avoided.
2. Slow Decline
(Radopholus similis, Meloidogyne incognita and Phytophthora capsici)
Slow decline
Symptoms
- Foliar yellowing, defoliation and die-back of vines during the post-monsoon season. The diseased vines exhibit foliar yellowing from October onwards coinciding with depletion of soil moisture. With the onset of south west monsoon during May-June, some of the affected vines recover and put forth fresh foliage. However, the symptoms reappear in subsequent seasons after the cessation of the monsoon and the diseased vines gradually lose their vigour and productivity.
- The root system of diseased vines shows varying degrees of necrosis / lesions / galls due to infestation by plant parasitic nematodes leading to rotting of feeder roots.
Management
- Follow all the management practices suggested for foot rot disease as both foot rot pathogen and nematode combination cause slow decline. In addition practice the following methods for nematode control.
- Use nematode-free planting material in the plantation.
- Exclude nematode susceptible intercrops and supports to minimise nematode infestations in the field.
- Apply neem cake @ 2 kg/vine during May-June and August-September.
- Apply bio-control agents such as Pochonia chlamydosporia after receipt of pre-monsoon showers during May-June around the base of the vine @ 50 g/vine (containing108 CFU/g of formulation). Repeat the application during August-September.
- In case the nematode infestation is severe, apply carbofuran 3G @ 100g/ vine or phorate 10G @ 3o g/ vine after receipt of pre-monsoon showers during May-June and repeat application during August-September.
Anthracnose
Causal organism: Colletotrichum gleosporioides
Symptoms
- In the plains the pathogen causes angular dark brown spots surrounded by a yellowish halo.
- When the infection occurs on berries it splits and further growth is arrested. Infection will not lead to defoliation.
- In high ranges, brownish circular leaf spots appear.
- When infection occurs on spikes, spike shedding occurs, resulting in heavy crop loss.
Management
- Follow a pre and post monsoon spray of Bordeaux mixture (1%)/ Carbendazim (0.2%).
Stunted disease
Causal organism: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)
Symptoms
- The affected plants show varying degrees of stunting with compaction of inter-nodal length of the stems.
- The leaves show highly distorted shapes with crinkling, cupping and narrowing.
- Vein banding and interveinal flecking are also noticed occasionally exhibiting mosaic symptoms.
Management
- Eradicate the infected plants and replant with disease-free cuttings.
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